Ku isoko ry'inganda, abakiriya benshi bakunze kugira ibibazo nk'ibi:
Kuki hari uduce duto two gucukura cyangwa robine zisa cyane ariko igiciro kikaba gitandukanye cyane? Cyane cyane muri iyi myaka ibiri, abakiriya benshi babonye ihindagurika rigaragara mu kugabanya ibiciro by'ibikoresho.
Mu by’ukuri, igiciro cy’udupira n’amarobo ntabwo giterwa n’ikintu kimwe, ni umusaruro uva ku guhuza ibikoresho fatizo, inzira zo gukora, ibisabwa mu mikorere, n’imiterere y’isoko. Tuzaganira muri make ku bintu by’ingenzi kugira ngo dusobanure ishingiro ry’ibiciro. Reka turebere hamwe imiterere nyayo y’ibiciro kuva ku bikoresho fatizo kugeza ku nganda.
1. Igiciro cy'ibikoresho fatizo, ishingiro ry'ibiciro
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'udupira n'amarobine ni icyuma cyihuta cyane (HSS).
Impamvu HSS ifite ubushobozi bwo gukata neza ni ibintu byayo byo gushyiramo alloy imbere, nka: Tungsten (W), Molybdenum (Mo), Cobalt (Co) nibindi. Twumvise urwego rwa HSS rutandukanye, HSS 4341, M2, M35, M42, itandukaniro ni ikigereranyo cy'ibi bintu byo gushyiramo alloy. Urwego rwo hejuru rw'alloy rwongera ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho, budashira, kandi bumara igihe kirekire, ariko nanone byongera ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho. Dushobora kuvuga ko ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho fatizo kigena "ubutaka" bw'igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa.
Ingano zisanzwe z'icyuma cyihuta cyane zifite itandukaniro rigaragara mu mikorere n'ikiguzi:
• HSS / HSS 4341 isanzwe: Ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho rusange, ihendutse cyane.
• M2: Imikorere ihamye muri rusange, ikoreshwa cyane
• M35 (irimo cobalt): Irwanya ubushyuhe cyane, ikwiriye ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma n'ibindi bisa nabyo
• M42 (cobalt ifite ubukana bwinshi): Irwanya kwangirika cyane kandi ikagira ubukana butukura, ikaba nziza cyane mu gukora imashini zihoraho zikoresha imbaraga nyinshi
Ingano nyinshi y’ibikomoka ku ruganda ntiyongera ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho fatizo gusa, ahubwo inatuma gukora ibintu bigorana, ibyo bikaba bigaragarira mu giciro cya nyuma cy’ibicuruzwa.
Mu byuma byihuta cyane, tungsten (W) ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bivangavanze, bigira uruhare runini mu gukomera kw'umutuku no kudashira kw'uduce tw'imyobo n'amarobe.
Mu myaka ibiri ishize, cyane cyane uyu mwaka, amakuru y’inganda za leta agaragaza ko ibiciro by’ibikoresho fatizo bifitanye isano na tungsten byakomeje kuba hejuru kandi bihindagurika. Impamvu nyamukuru zirimo, ariko ntizigarukira gusa kuri:
• Ubucucike bwinshi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya tungsten, bigatuma habaho ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho byayo
• Izamuka ry’ibiciro byo kubahiriza ibidukikije n’iby’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro
• Ubwiyongere bw'ibikenewe bivuye mu nganda zigezweho, ingufu nshya, n'inganda za gisirikare.
Ku bijyanye n'umusaruro w'ibyuma byihuta cyane, iri hinduka ry'ibiciro si ikintu gikunze kubaho rimwe na rimwe, ahubwo ni impinduka y'igihe kirekire mu miterere y'ibiciro. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikiguzi cyo gukora ibikoresho byo gucukura no gucomeka byakozwe mu byuma bigezweho nka M2, M35, na M42 nacyo cyariyongereye. Ni ibintu bisanzwe bihura n'inganda zose.
Ishusho igaragaza uko ibiciro bya tungsten byazamutse kuva muri Mutarama kugeza ku ya 29 Ukwakira 2025. Mu mpera z'Ukuboza 2026, ibiciro bya tungsten bikomeje kuzamuka. Ugereranyije n'intangiriro za 2026, ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bikomeye bya tungsten byiyongereye cyane. Amakuru y'inganda agaragaza ko ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo by'ingenzi—harimo tungsten concentrate, ammonium paratungstate (APT), ifu ya tungsten, n'ifu ya tungsten ya karubide zikozwe muri sima—muri rusange byiyongereyeho hejuru ya 100%. Ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bya tungsten n'ifu ya cobalt byageze no hejuru ya 200%, bigatuma ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo by'icyuma byihuta muri rusange biri ku rwego rwo hejuru.
2. Ubwiza bw'ubushyuhe, ishingiro ry'imikorere y'umusaruro
Gutunganya ubushyuhe ni kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi ariko bitagaragara mu gihe cyo gukora. Bigena neza ubukomere bw'igikoresho, ubukomere bwacyo, n'ubudahangarwa bwacyo muri rusange mu gihe cyo gukora. Gutunganya ubushyuhe byateguwe neza bitanga uburinganire bwiza hagati y'ubukomere n'ubukomere. Gutunganya ubushyuhe budahangarwa bishobora gutuma habaho gucika, kwangirika, cyangwa igihe ntarengwa cyo gukora. Nanone, uburyo buhamye kandi bugenzurwa bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe busanzwe busaba gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, kugenzura ubushyuhe cyane, no gucunga ibikorwa bigoye kurushaho. Ariko, aya mashoramari ntabwo yoroshye kuboneka bitewe n'uko ibicuruzwa bibona, bigena cyane imikorere yabyo mu bikorwa nyabyo.
3. Inzira zo gukora no kugenzura ubuziranenge, bigira ingaruka ku buziranenge no ku buryo imashini ikora neza
Uretse ibikoresho n'ubushyuhe, inzira zo gukora n'uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bigena uburyo bwo gukora neza, ubwuzuzanye, n'imikorere ihamye y'uduce duto two gucukura n'amarobo mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa nyaryo. Mu musaruro nyawo, itandukaniro ry'ibiciro hagati y'urwego rutandukanye rw'inganda rigaragarira cyane cyane muri ibi bikurikira:
• Imiterere rusange y'uburyo bwo gukora, nko kugenzura igipimo cy'ubusembwa
• Niba ukoresha intambwe nyinshi zo gusya neza cyangwa ukoresheje intambwe imwe gusa
• Kugenzura neza ibipimo bya geometrike nk'inkombe zo guca, imiringi ya helikopu, n'inguni z'inyuma
• Ku bicuruzwa bya robine, urwego rwo kugenzura uburyo icyuma gikoresha icyuma gipima neza kandi gihamye
Ubuhanga buhanitse mu gukora imashini bivuze ko hari ishoramari ryinshi mu bikoresho, igihe kirekire cyo kubitunganya, no kugenzura neza uburyo bikorwamo. Ibi bintu bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku giciro cy’inganda ndetse binagira ingaruka ku ituze ry’ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo kubitunganya.
Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa buhamye bushingiye ku buryo buhamye kandi buhoraho bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge. Ku bakoresha inganda, uburinganire bw'ibicuruzwa n'ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa mu gihe kirekire ni ingenzi cyane kuruta igiciro cy'iguriro rimwe. Igenzura ryuzuye ry'ubuziranenge risanzwe rikubiyemo:
• Igenzura ry'ibikoresho fatizo
• Igenzura ry'uburyo bwo kugenzura imirasire y'amazi neza kandi ikoresheje imirasire
• Gupima ubukana bw'ubukomere no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'itsinda
• Isuzuma ry'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro
Iri shoramari ntirihura n'ibibazo gusa, ahubwo rinatuma buri cyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa gikora neza kandi gishoboka. Byongeye kandi, igihe cyo gukoresha ni ingenzi kuruta igiciro cy'imashini. Mu nganda, igiciro gito cy'imashini ntikingana n'igiciro gito cy'imashini. Ibicuruzwa bimara igihe gito kandi bidakomeye akenshi bitera impinduka nyinshi ku bikoresho, guhagarika imashini no guhinduka k'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Kubwibyo, abakoresha b'inzobere benshi bibanda cyane ku giciro cyo gukoresha imashini aho kwibanda ku giciro cyoroshye cy'imashini imwe cyangwa imashini.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-24-2025