Ibyuma bitanduye ni kimwe mu bikoresho bigoye gucukura. Bitandukanye n'icyuma cyoroshye cyangwa aluminiyumu, bihana ubuhanga buke n'ibikoresho bibi vuba kandi bigaragara - binyuze mu bice byacitse, imyobo minini, no kurangiza ubuso bubi. Iyi nyandiko isobanura impamvu icyuma kitanduye kitwara uko kimeze, n'icyo bivuze mu guhitamo icyuma gikwiye cyo gucukura, gushyiraho ibipimo bikwiye, no kugumana ubuziranenge buhamye mu gihe cyose cyo gukora.
Impamvu icyuma kidashonga bigorana gucukura
Gusobanukirwa ikibazo bitangirira ku bikoresho ubwabyo. Ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma - cyane cyane ibipimo bya austenitic nka 304 na 316 - bifite imiterere ibiri ituma gucukura bigorana cyane kurusha ibindi byuma byinshi.
Gukomeza akazi
Iyo icyuma kitagira umugese gihuye n’imbaraga za mekanike — harimo n’imbaraga zo gukata zituruka ku mashini icukura — ibikoresho biri mu gace gacukura bikomera vuba. Ibi byitwa gukomera kw’akazi, kandi bibaho vuba mu byiciro bya austenitic stainless kuruta ibindi bikoresho byose bisanzwe by’ubuhanga.
Mu by’ukuri ibi bivuze ko: iyo agace k’imashini gahagaze, kagatinda, cyangwa kagakubita aho gukata neza, ubuso buri munsi y’agace bukomera mu masegonda make. Agace gakurikiraho gahura n’urwego rukomeye kurusha urwabanjirije. Ibi byihutisha kwangirika kw’ibikoresho cyane, kandi iyo bitakosowe, bigatuma akazi gakomera cyane mu mwobo - bigatuma akazi karushaho kugorana uko gatera imbere.
Ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara ubushyuhe
Icyuma kidashyuha ntigishyuha neza ugereranije n'icyuma cyoroshye cyangwa aluminiyumu. Mu gihe cyo gucukura, gukata bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Mu gikoresho gifite ubushyuhe bwiza, ubushyuhe bwinshi butwarwa n'ibikoresho byo gukora n'udupira. Mu cyuma kidashyuha, ubushyuhe bwibanda ku nkombe z'icyuma.
Uruvange rw'ubukonje bw'akazi n'ubwinshi bw'ubushyuhe bitera ikibazo cyo kwiyongera: uko igice cyo gucukura kigenda gishyuha, ubukana bwacyo ku nkombe zibanza butangira kugabanuka. Inkombe yoroshye igabanya buhoro buhoro, itera gukururana kwinshi, itera ubushyuhe bwinshi - kandi uruhererekane rukomeza kugeza igihe igice kinaniwe.
Guhitamo icyuma gikwiye cyo gucukura: M2 vs M35
Impinduka imwe y'ingenzi mu gucukura ibyuma bitagira umugese ni ibikoresho byo gucukura. Amahitamo abiri akunze gukoreshwa mu nganda ni ibyuma byihuta cyane bya M2 na M35. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati yabyo ni ingenzi cyane kuruta uko abaguzi benshi babibona.
Ibyuma byihuta cyane bya M2
M2 ni icyuma gisanzwe cy’umuvuduko mwinshi kandi ni cyo gikoreshwa cyane mu gucukura ku isi. Ibigizemo - hafi 6% bya tungsten, 5% bya molybdenum, 4% bya chromium, na 2% bya vanadium - biyiha ubukomere bwiza, gukomera ku rugero rukwiye, kandi bigatuma ikora neza mu bikoresho bitandukanye.
Imbogamizi ya M2 ku byuma bitagira umugese ni ubukana bwayo bushyushye, buzwi kandi nk'ubukana butukura. Ibi bivuga ubushobozi bw'ikintu bwo kugumana ubukana bwacyo ku bushyuhe buri hejuru. M2 itangira gutakaza ubukana ku buryo bufatika kuri dogere selisiyusi 550–600. Mu gucukura ibyuma bitagira umugese - cyane cyane mu bikorerwamo cyangwa iyo gukonjesha bidahagije - ubushyuhe bugezweho buruta buri rugero.
Iyo impande yoroshye, irahagarika gukata igatangira gukurura. Gukururana biriyongera, ubushyuhe buriyongera cyane, urwego rworoshye rurushaho kugorana kwinjiramo, kandi ubuzima bw'ibikoresho bugabanuka cyane. Gutsindwa si ko buri gihe biba mu buryo butunguranye - akenshi bigaragarira mu buryo bukabije bwo kugaburira, kwiyongera kw'ibiryo bikikije umwobo usohoka, no kwangirika k'umurambararo w'umwobo mbere yuko igice kinanirwa burundu.
Ibyuma byihuta cyane bya M35 cobalt
M35 ikoresha imiterere imwe y’ibanze na M2, hongerwamo hafi 5% bya cobalt. Cobalt ntabwo igira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye mu gukata - ntabwo ikora karubide cyangwa ngo yongere ubukana ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bufatika. Inshingano yayo ni ugutuza icyuma mu bushyuhe bwinshi, bikazamura aho ubukana butangira kwangirika.
M35 igumana ubukana bw'ingirakamaro kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi 630–650. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 50–80 ugereranije na M2 rishobora gusa nkaho ari rito, ariko igihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho kibasha kwitabwaho cyane n'ubushyuhe muri uru rwego. Mu bizamini bigenzurwa ku byuma bitarangirika bya austenitic, M35 ikunze gukora imyobo ingana inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu kuri buri gice ugereranyije na M2 mu bihe bimwe - kandi akenshi irushaho kuba myinshi iyo akazi karimo gucibwamo, igipimo cyo kugaburira gihinduka, cyangwa gukonjesha ku buryo budakwiye.
Ku baguzi, igereranya ry’ubukungu ryoroshye: biti za M35 zihenze cyane kuri buri gikoresho, ariko ikiguzi kuri buri mwobo wacukuwe - bitewe n’inshuro zo gusimbuza, igihe imashini idakora, n’ibiciro byo kwangwa bitewe n’ubwiza bw’umwobo - muri rusange ni gito mu rwego urwo arirwo rwose rw’umusaruro urimo ibyuma bitagira umugese.
Iyo M2 ikiri yemewe
M2 ntabwo ikwiriye cyane ibyuma bitarangwamo ifu. Mu bihe bikurikira, ishobora gukora neza:
•Umuvuduko muke wo gukata hamwe n'icyuma gikonjesha amazi menshi
•Gucukura buhoro buhoro aho igice cy'icyuma gifite igihe cyo gukonja hagati y'imyobo
•Ibikoresho bito (≤3mm) aho imashini ikora ku gikoresho cy'akazi igihe gito
•Iyo ibiciro bigabanuka bituma M35 idakora neza kandi ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubuziranenge bw'imyobo bukaba bunini.
Mu gukora ibintu byinshi, ku bikoresho binini, cyangwa aho imiterere y’ibipimo ari ngombwa cyane, M35 ni yo mahitamo yizewe cyane.
Kugabanya umuvuduko n'igipimo cyo kugaburira
Nubwo ibikoresho bya bit byakoreshejwe neza, ibipimo byo gukata nabi bitera kwangirika vuba. Ibintu bibiri byo kugenzura ni umuvuduko wo gukata (ugaragazwa nk'umuvuduko w'ubuso muri m/min, cyangwa ugahindurwamo RPM ku murambararo runaka) n'umuvuduko wo kugaburira (uburyo imashini itera imbere vuba kuri buri muzunguruko).
Umuvuduko wo kugabanya
Ku byuma bitagira umuvuduko, umuvuduko usabwa ku buso bw'ibice bya HSS drill ni muto cyane ugereranyije n'icyuma cyoroshye. Ubuyobozi rusange ku bipimo bya austenitic (304, 316):
•M2 HSS: Umuvuduko w'ubuso wa metero 10–15/iminota
•M35 cobalt HSS: Umuvuduko w'ubuso wa metero 15–25/iminota
Ibi bihinduka RPM nka: RPM = (umuvuduko w'ubuso × 1000) ÷ (π × umurambararo w'imashini muri mm). Igipimo cya 10mm M35 mu cyuma kitagira umuvuduko cya 316, kigamije metero 20/minota, cyakora kuri 637 RPM.
Kwiruka cyane ni ikosa rikunze kugaragara iyo ucukura icyuma kitagira umugese. Umuvuduko mwinshi utanga ubushyuhe vuba kurusha uko icyuma gikonjesha gishobora kugikuraho kandi vuba kurusha uko icyuma gishobora kugitwara. Igice gishyuha cyane, kigatakaza ubukana bw'inkombe, kandi kikananirwa hakiri kare. Abakoresha bamenyereye gucukura icyuma cyoroheje cyangwa aluminiyumu bakunze gukoresha icyuma kitagira umugese ku muvuduko ukubye kabiri cyangwa gatatu.
Igipimo cy'ibiryo
Igipimo cy'ibiryo kigomba kuba kinini bihagije ku buryo igice cy'ibiryo gihora gikata aho gukaraba. Ibiryo byoroheje cyane bituma igice cy'ibiryo gitangira kunyura ku buso bwakonjeshejwe butinjiramo - bigatanga ubushyuhe bidakuyemo ibikoresho. Iyi ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma akazi gakomera imburagihe mu mwobo.
Igipimo cy’ibiryo by’icyuma kidafunze gisabwa (kuri buri ruziga): 0.05–0.10 mm ku biti bigera kuri 5mm z’umurambararo; 0.10–0.20 mm kuri 5–15mm; 0.20–0.35 mm hejuru ya 15mm. Ibi ni ahantu ho gutangirira - hindura ukurikije imiterere y’udupira twabonetse, ijwi ryo gukata, n’ubushyuhe ku mfuruka y’umuyoboro.
Ikimenyetso cyizewe cyane kigaragaza ko ibipimo ari byo ni chip. Chip yoroshye kandi igonze neza igaragaza ko yaciwe neza. Uduce dure tureture kandi dufite imigozi bigaragaza ko ibiryo ari byoroshye cyane. Uduce dufite ifu cyangwa ibara ry’umukara bigaragaza ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Igikoresho gikonjesha n'amavuta yo kwisiga
Konjesha si amahitamo iyo ucukura icyuma kidashonga. Inshingano zayo ni ebyiri: gukuraho ubushyuhe mu gace gacamo, no gushyira amavuta ku murongo uri hagati y'ibice by'icyuma n'urukuta rw'umwobo kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe buterwa no gukururana.
Uburyo bwo gukonjesha amazi bukoreshwa mu gucukura amazi (amavuta ashongeshwa avanze hafi 8-10%) ni bwo buryo bwiza cyane mu bikoresho by’imashini. Ku gucukura intoki cyangwa gukoresha imashini zicukura amazi adafite icyuma gikonjesha amazi, ni ngombwa gukoresha amazi yo gukata agashyirwa ku gice cy’inyuma n’aho yinjira mbere no mu gihe cyo gucukura. Gucukura icyuma cyumye kigomba kwirindwa aho ubwiza bw’umwobo cyangwa ubuzima bw’igikoresho ari ingenzi.
Ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukonjesha zigomba kugera aho zicibwa. Ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukonjesha ziturutse hanze ku bikoresho binini (biri hejuru ya mm 15–20) zishobora kudakonjesha neza umutwe w’inkoni - muri ibi bihe, gukoresha ibikoresho bikonjesha binyuze mu gukonjesha cyangwa gukurura bit buri gihe kugira ngo zisohoke neza ni ngombwa.
Jewometiri n'inguni y'ingingo
Uduce dusanzwe two gucukura inguni ya 118° twagenewe gukoreshwa muri rusange. Ku byuma bitarangwa n'ingufu, imiterere y'uduce twa 135° irushaho kuba ingirakamaro kubera impamvu ebyiri.
Ubwa mbere, aho igice gicikamo ibice bikuraho impande z'umusenyi ziri ku duce dusanzwe tw'ubutaka. Inkombe z'umusenyi ntizica - zirasunika kandi zigashwanyagurika, zigatanga ubushyuhe nta gukuraho uduce. Kuzikuraho bivuze ko igice gitangira gukatwa ako kanya iyo kimaze gukoraho, bigagabanya kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe n'uburyo bwo kuzenguruka.
Icya kabiri, inguni ntoya cyane ya 135° ikwirakwiza imbaraga zo gukata neza ku minwa yo gukata, ikagabanya umutwaro kuri buri gice kandi ikarushaho gukomera mu bikoresho bikomeye cyangwa bikomeza gukora.
Ku bikorwa byinshi byo gucukura ibyuma bitagira umugese, icyuma cya M35 cobalt gikozwe muri 135° ni cyo gipimo gikwiye cyo gutangira.
Gushyiraho no gucunga akazi
Ubukonje mu mikorere y'icyuma bugira akamaro cyane iyo ukoresheje icyuma kitagira umugese kuruta iyo ukoresheje ibikoresho byoroshye. Kunyeganyega cyangwa guhindagurika kw'igice hagati y'igice n'igikoresho bituma igice gihushanya rimwe na rimwe aho gukata buri gihe, bigatuma imirimo ikomera kandi ikagabanuka.
Ibikoresho bigomba gufatwa neza, ntibikoreshwe mu ntoki. Igice cyo gucukura kigomba kugenzurwa mbere yuko gitangira gukorwa - ndetse n'ingano nto y'ibice bicukura byihutisha kwangirika ku buryo bungana ku minwa ikata. Kwagura ibice bigufi ni byiza kuruta kure; kugera kure byongera uburyo bwo guhindukira munsi y'umutwaro.
Ku mwobo winjizwa mu rupapuro rworoshye rutagira umugozi, ikimenyetso cyo hagati cyangwa umwobo w’icyitegererezo bigabanya gusiganwa ku rubura mu ntangiriro y’urucagagura. Ku mwobo usohoka, isahani y’inyuma y’icyuma cyoroshye cyangwa aluminiyumu irinda gucika kw’ibice n’ibikoresho bikunze kubaho iyo igice cy’urucagagura kimenetse.
Incamake: ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba guhindurwa mu kugenzura
•Ibikoresho bya bit: koresha M35 cobalt HSS mu gucukura icyuma kitagira umugese. M2 ni ubwumvikane.
•Umuvuduko wo gukata: genda buhoro kurusha uko wabigenza ku cyuma cyoroheje. Ubushyuhe ni bwo buryo bw'ibanze butuma ibintu binanirwa.
•Igipimo cy'ibiryo: komeza ibiryo byiza igihe cyose. Gukaraba buhoro buhoro bituma bikomera.
•Igikoresho gikonjesha: shyira ubudasiba aho gukata. Gucukura byumye bigabanya cyane igihe cyo kumara igikoresho.
•Jometri: 135° ku gice cyo hagati ni byiza kuruta 118° ku gipimo cya sintensi.
•Ubukomezi: gufunga neza, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'amazi, kwirinda kwagura igihe kirekire.
Gucukura ibyuma bidafunze ntabwo bigoye cyane - biragorana iyo ibikoresho cyangwa ibipimo byatoranyijwe ku kindi gikoresho. Hamwe n'uburyo bukwiye bwo gupima bit, umuvuduko ukwiye n'uburyo bwo kubikoresha, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gukoresha coolant buri gihe, biragenzurwa neza ku gipimo cy'umusaruro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-06-2026